Values do not differ between males and females. Proteinuria is common in children and may represent a benign condition or a serious underlying renal disease or systemic disorder. LOINC® Map Test Menu Right Side Menu Iron-free Tf (apo-Tf) is then brought back to the cell surface and dissociates from TfR. Diagnostic Use and Interpretation. Interpreting iron studies Another measurement, called transferrin saturation, checks how many places on your transferrin that can hold iron are actually doing so. Serum transferrin receptors are STFR - Overview: Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR), Serum Iron and Cell Proliferation/Differentiation As a 78 kD a monomeric glycoprotein, Tf is an important chelator primarily involved in serum iron transportation, essential for cellular proliferation ( 11 ). In other aspects, this invention provides chimeric TfR transgenic animal models and methods of using the animal models to identify therapeutics that can cross the blood-brain barrier. H-Ferritin Is Preferentially Incorporated by Human ... An elevated transferrin receptor level or a low ferritin value indicates that a response is unlikely due to associated iron deficiency, suggesting that iron replacement may be required. Whereas, the effect of human HFE (hHFE) on transferrin/ transferrin receptor association, as well as on transferrin receptor recycling and the level of cellular iron pools in various cell lines was analyzed, very little is known about the mouse HFE (mHFE) protein. Transferrin is the protein that carries iron in the bloodstream. The transferrin receptor is a transmem-brane protein for transferrin and participates in iron transport by internalizing the iron-bound transferrin through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Transferrin Blood Level. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. Transferrin is a protein that may decrease during any inflammatory process and is referred to as a negative acute phase reactant. The body produces transferrin in relationship to the need for iron. Interaction between the iron transporter protein transferrin (Tf) and its receptor at the cell surface is fundamental for most living organisms. HepG2 cell TfR2 protein levels … Because serum ferritin is an acute-phase reactant and because the inflammatory state may inhibit the mobilization of iron from reticuloendothelial stores, the … Because serum ferritin is an acute-phase reactant and because the inflammatory state may inhibit the mobilization of iron from reticuloendothelial stores, the … Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. Soluble Transferrin Receptor - Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTFR) values can be within normal limits over a broad range of body iron stores and is elevated only when there is functional (i.e. International Urology and Nephrology 30, 1998 648 Tonbul et al. In this review transferrin receptor (TfR) alludes to transferrin receptor 1. Other alias names for this protein include: transferrin receptor protein 1, CD71, IMD46, T9, TFR1, TR, and TRFR. It binds to the receptor, gets swallowed up by the cell, has the iron removed, and then … Samples were fixed at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and then stained with antibodies to the transferrin receptor and DAPI. Schematic illustration of the autophagic degradation of transferrin receptor (TfRC) regulates iron homeostasis. Transferrin saturation (TS), measured as a percentage, is a medical laboratory value. Interestingly, the protein levels of transferrin receptor (TfR1) were enhanced by erastin in wild-type cells, but not in autophagy-deficient cells … De Block CEM, Van Capenhout CM, De Leeuw IH, et al: Soluble transferrin receptor level: a new marker of iron deficiency anemia, a common manifestation of gastric autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Tf receptor (TfR) binds iron-loaded Tf (holo-Tf) and transports it to endosomes, where acidic pH favors iron release. Transferrin saturation can be calculated by using the serum iron concentration and one of the following: total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, or transferrin level. Iron Deficiency: The soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentration is increased in iron deficiency. Mild transferrin saturation decrease (10 - 20% in adult men and 10 - 15% in adult women): The transferrin saturation is a bit low and may be a sign of mild or moderate anemia. Depending if transferrin or TIBC is known there are two formulas to estimate the transferrin saturation: Byrne1., Peter D. The concentration of soluble Cryoelectron Microscopy. This complex of TfR-transferrin is then internalized in the cell by endocytosis. Recent studies have indicated that the serum transferrin receptor levels can be used as an index of iron deficiency anemia. In iron deficiency, the soluble transferrin receptor level will be increased. Low transferrin likely indicates malnutrition . The increasing prevalence of multiple comorbidities among anemic patients with chronic kidney disease has made the use of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation more challenging in diagnosing iron deficiency. Only one of ferritin, hepcidin, or soluble transferrin receptors can be picked for the prediction of anemia Transferrin receptors first appear in measurable numbers on CFU-Es, increasing to 300,000 per cell on pro-erythroblasts and as many as 800,000 per cell on basophilic erythroblasts, at the time of maximal iron uptake. identified TfR1 (host transferrin receptor 1) as an alternative receptor for P. vivax.TfR1 binds to a specific P. vivax … It is the value of serum iron divided by the total iron-binding capacity of the available transferrin, the main protein that binds iron in the blood, this value tells a clinician how much serum iron is bound.For instance, a value of 15% means that 15% of iron-binding sites of transferrin are being occupied … Recently, transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), another receptor for transferrin, was cloned. Reference range is 0.80-2.00 mg/L. FAM116 and Rab14 Act on the Transferrin Receptor Recycling Pathway (A) HeLa cells were treated with control, Rab14, or FAM116A siRNA duplexes for 72 hr. Soluble transferrin receptor levels in plasma are elevated if there is increased iron demand due to Iron deficiency, increased erythropoiesis (eg, Haemolysis) or dyserythropoiesis (eg, Megaloblastic anaemia ), regardless of other, coexistent states. Anaemia is a common problem in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and is present in a vast majority of patients requiring maintenance dialysis therapy. Transferrin receptors" Two different receptors for transferrin are known: transferrin receptor 1 and the newly discovered transferrin receptor 2. Lactoferrin is a globular glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 80 kDa that is widely represented in various secretory fluids, such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions.Lactoferrin is also present in secondary granules of PMNs and is secreted by some … When iron requirements increase, as is the case in iron deficiency, TfR receptors are overexpressed at the cells surface and an increasing amount of sTfR is shed into the circulation. Results Only 8 patients could be diagnosed as having IDA by means of routine blood test results (serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels). Following their crosslinking by immune complexes, FcRs play various roles such as modulation of the immune response by released … Transferrin binds tightly to the receptor and is drawn into the cell in a small vesicle. 8. Then the iron-less complex recycles to the cell surface, transferrin is released and the whole cycle starts over. Normal values are 250 to 450 mcg/dL. Transferrin receptor -1 (CD71) expression in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is an adverse prognostic factor. Concentrations of this molecule are inversely correlated with body-iron stores, and increased body-iron stores are associated with an increased risk of cancer of the liver and lungs. In most cells, transferrin receptor–mediated endocytosis is a major pathway for cellular iron uptake. RXRA (Retinoid X Receptor Alpha) is a Protein Coding gene. The lower pH of the endosome results in release of iron from the complex. Human malaria is caused by half a dozen species of Plasmodium protozoan parasites, each with distinctive biology.P. Normal values were designated as the following: Hb 12.5–15.3 g/dl, Hct 42–50%, MCV 80–95 fl, RDW 11.5–14.5, serum iron 25–156 µg/dl, serum iron binding capacity 25–425 µg/dl, ferritin 30–200 ng/ml, CRP 5 mg/L, sedimentation 0–12 mm/h, and serum transferrin receptor level 0.83–1.76 mg/L. The serum iron concentration, although often elevated in hemochromatosis, has been a less reliable test than the transferrin saturation. The information provided here is not sufficient for interface builds; for a complete test mix, please click the sidebar link to access the Interface Map. 3. Thus, the concentration of sTfR in plasma or serum is an indirect measure of total TfR. The transferrin receptor (TfR) is a transmembrane homodimer, able to bind up to two molecules of transferrin (Tf), and internalize them by TfR-mediated endocytosis . See interpretation of TIBC. Report Proton-activated chloride channel PAC regulates endosomal acidification and transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis James Osei-Owusu,1 Junhua Yang,1 Ka Ho Leung,2,4 Zheng Ruan,3 Wei Lu,€ 3 Yamuna Krishnan,2,4 and Zhaozhu Qiu1,5,6,* 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 2Department of … Anemia in the third trimester has been identified as a risk factor for maternal and fetal morbidity that might lead to mortality. Brain endothelial LRP1 maintains blood-brain barrier integrity. Gene ID: 16971, updated on 19-Dec-2021. The amount of ferritin and serum iron was determined using the immunochemiluminescent process. A high percentage of transferrin saturation shows an iron overload in the body. Expression of transferrin receptors in these cells peaks early in development and declines progressively during the maturation of erythroblasts and reticulocytes (23, 34, 36). Introduction. Blood transferrin receptor (TR) level is largely determined by the quantum of erythropoi-esis and by intracellular iron content of the cells of the erythroid lineage. JR-141 is a recombinant fusion protein of an antibody against the human transferrin receptor and iduronate-2-sulfatase, the enzyme that is missing or malfunctioning in subjects with Hunter syndrome. 1. vivax, which causes relapsing malaria, specifically parasitizes immature red blood cells called reticulocytes.Gruszczyk et al. Monoclonal antibody to transferrin receptor blocks transferrin binding and inhibits human tumor cell growth in vitro. A higher level means that you may have iron-deficiency anemia. The increasing prevalence of multiple comorbidities among anemic patients with chronic kidney disease has made the use of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation more challenging in diagnosing iron deficiency. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate biomarkers of anemia and iron metabolism (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin recepto … Iron metabolism and anemia may play an important role in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The serum level of ferritin is a clinical marker of the body’s iron level. The transferrin receptor–ferritin index (TR-F index) was defined as the ratio of serum transferrin receptor level to log ferritin level. * Component test codes cannot be used to order tests. Moreover, dihydroartemisinin reduced the level of transferrin receptor-1 associated with cell membrane. CAS Article Google Scholar cellular) iron deficiency. 24 hours upon receipt at reference laboratory (upon receipt in laboratory) Reference Range: Male - 18 years & older: 2.2-5.0 mg/L. What is the abbreviation for Soluble Transferrin Receptor? Soluble Transferrin Receptor is abbreviated as sTfR. (also s TfR, s-TfR, sTR, STR or sTrfR) BMI Body Mass Index. AI Adequate Intake. EAR Estimated Average Requirement. RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance. LF Low-Fat. WHO World Health Organization. Mechanism. Lactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF), is a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family. Transferrin is a part of the innate immune system, the binding of transferrin to iron impedes bacterial survival. FcRs control the humoral and innate immunity which are essential for appropriate responses to infections and prevention of chronic inflammation or auto-immune diseases. @article{osti_1816315, title = {Transferrin receptor targeting by de novo sheet extension}, author = {Sahtoe, Danny D. and Coscia, Adrian and Mustafaoglu, Nur and Miller, Lauren M. and Olal, Daniel and Vulovic, Ivan and Yu, Ta-Yi and Goreshnik, Inna and Lin, Yu-Ru and Clark, Lars and Busch, Florian and Stewart, Lance and Wysocki, Vicki H. and Ingber, … The density of transferrin receptors on the cell surface changes during erythroid maturation. In severe cases of iron-deficiency and anemia, this number may fall below 10%. The level depends upon liver function and a person’s nutritional status. Proteinuria may occur secondary to glomerular or tubular dysfunction. Transferrin acts as a marker for inflammation; the level of transferrin decreases during inflammation. The TIBC test is a good indirect measurement of transferrin, as transferrin is the primary iron-binding protein. The increasing prevalence of multiple comorbidities among anemic patients with chronic kidney disease has made the use of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation more challenging in diagnosing iron deficiency. Because serum ferritin is an acute-phase reactant and because the inflammatory state may inhibit the mobilization of iron from reticuloendothelial … Transport of iron ions in the blood stream is achieved by the protein carrier transferrin (Tf) [[]].Upon binding of transferrin to its cellular receptor, namely transferrin receptor 1 (TfR), the complex gets internalized where acidic conditions of the endosome lead to the release of iron from transferrin [[]].At the end of the endocytic cycle, the apo Tf remains … Related terms: Iron Deficiency; Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation; Ferritin; Transferrin; Glycosylation; Serum Iron; Transferrin Saturation; Hepcidin; Transferrin Receptor; Ferritin … Despite their lower level of receptor expression, reticulocytes are a … It can securely bind 2 irons and it circulates until it encounters a cell with a transferrin receptor. L − 1 on day 7 during intermittent exposure to normobaric hypoxia. In this study, we … Read "The importance of serum transferrin receptor level in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency due to recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in haemodialysis patients, International Urology and Nephrology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. A transferrin test directly measures the level in the blood. In the following study, our aim was to analyze in more detail the function of mHFE. Interpretive Data: People of African descent and those residing at 5,200 feet (1,600 meters) above sea level were found to have a 6% higher normal value. Sometimes to know the transferrin level in the blood is made by an indirect method measuring the TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of serum is a measure of total serum transferrin (the three types: apotransferrin, monotransferrin and … Gruszczyk et al. status in microcytic anaemia. Another benefit of Due to its high cost, finding the best marker to predict anemia became more important to allow early prevention. Transferrin test—directly measures the level of transferrin in the blood. Soluble Transferrin Receptor; The soluble transferrin receptor is rarely performed in clinical practice. The rate of synthesis in the liver can be altered in accordance with the body’s iron requirements and iron reserves. Description: The R17217 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD71, a 170-180 kDa type II transmembrane protein. 30248-9. The sample requirement is one red-top tube of blood. Soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) are proteins found in blood that can become elevated in the presence of iron-deficiency. The serum transferrin receptor concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 19 patients with invasive breast adenocarcinoma, 12 of whom had involvement of axillary lymph nodes. sTfR level was the blood-soluble transferrin receptor level measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diabetes Care 2000;23: 1384-1388. Transferrin is a protein that may decrease during any inflammatory process and is referred to as a negative acute phase reactant. The transferrin receptor was isolated and purified from human placenta by affinity chromatography. HepG2 cell TfR2 protein levels … Transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) plays a critical role in iron homeostasis because patients carrying disabling mutations in the TFR2 gene suffer from hemochromatosis. Fc receptors (FcRs) belong to the ITAM-associated receptor family. Transferrin receptor (TFR)1 is the receptor not only for transferrin but also for H-ferritin, but how it binds two different ligands and the blood cell types that preferentially incorporate H … Fortunately, renal anaemia has been shown to be effectively alleviated or reversed by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) which speeds up erythropoiesis by as much as several folds [1]. Soluble Transferrin Receptor. Soluble transferrin receptors are proteins found in blood that can be elevated with iron deficiency. This test measures the amount of soluble transferrin receptors to help detect and evaluate iron deficiency and aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Iron is an essential nutrient absorbed from the diet. Transferrin receptor cycle: Transferrin carrying iron binds to the TfR. Transferrin - Transferrin is a direct measure of the iron binding capacity. Summary Other designations. A transferrin saturation value of 30 percent means that 30% of iron-binding sites of transferrin are being occupied by iron. Monoclonal antibody to transferrin receptor blocks transferrin binding and inhibits human tumor cell growth in vitro. Transferrin test—directly measures the level of transferrin in the blood. Transferrin (TF) is the iron transport protein in the blood. CD71 is expressed by immature proliferating cells and at low levels on resting mature lymphocytes. High ZPP. amount of iron. 4. As many as 5 mL of blood (2 mL for sTfR and 3 mL for serum iron and ferritin levels) was collected. On the basis of current understanding of regulation of transferrin receptor expression at the cellular level, we hypothesized that serum transferrin receptor concentrations would be reduced in iron overload states. Ferritin, as mentioned in the review, is a “positive” acute-. The level depends upon liver function and a person’s nutritional status. In this study, iron-responsive regulation of TfR2 at the protein level was examined in vitro and in vivo. When iron stores are low, transferrin levels increase and vice versa. The 5 main causes of low transferrin 1- Malnutrition Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. A transferrin test directly measures the level in the blood. Alternatively, transferrin may be measured indirectly (or converted by calculation) so that its level is expressed as the amount of iron it is capable of binding. CD71, the transferrin receptor, exists as a homodimer on the cell surface and is essential for cellular growth. Expression of TFR1 is regulated locally by the iron demands of the cell, via binding of iron regulatory proteins. Alternatively, transferrin may be measured indirectly (or converted by calculation) so that its level is expressed as the amount of iron it is capable of binding. Transferrin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 79570 daltons. The soluble transferrin receptor level is an indirect measure of erythropoiesis and is increased in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its … CAS Article Google Scholar The level depends upon liver function and a person’s nutritional status. Strikingly, serum transferrin receptor in patient was almost undetectable, reflecting the very low activity of bone-marrow erythropoiesis. There is a noted implication in Immunodeficiency 46. While ferritin measurement is the accepted method for assessment of iron deficiency, ferritin is an acute-phase reactant and elevates in response to processes that do not correlate with iron status, including inflammation, chronic disease, … The expression of transferrin and transferrin receptor is coordinately regulated by iron in mammalian systems [62]. After binding of iron-loaded Tf (holo-Tf) with TfR, holo-Tf-TfR complex is internalized to endosomes where an acidic pH triggers conformational changes and iron release. Normal values are 15% to 50%. "The transferrin receptor is a type II transmembrane protein. transferrin receptor levels tend to range from 5 mg/L to 8 mg/L in normal subjects, although the value is heavily dependent upon the commercial assay used (11) . The regulation of dihydroartemisinin to transferrin receptor-1 could be reversed by nystatin, a cholesterol-sequestering agent but not the inhibitor of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. (1994) presented evidence that the level of transferrin receptor in the blood can be used as a means of detecting Epo misuse. Interactions In haemodialysis (HD) patients, functional iron deficiency frequently appears due to recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) treatment. Female - 18 years & older: 1.9-4.4 mg/L. At the alkaline extracellular pH of 7.4, TF binds one or two ferric ions. Iron deficiency causes overexpression of transferrin receptor and sTfR levels, while iron repletion results in decreased sTfR levels. In severe cases of iron-deficiency and anemia, this number may fall below 10%. The cell then acidifies the inside of this little pocket, which causes transferrin to release its iron. Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes (By similarity). Transferrin Receptor (p90, CD71) (TFRC) Histone 3 (H3) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor (KIT) In particular, its relationship with the level of the soluble form of the transferrin receptor (soluble transferrin receptor, sTfR) that fully reflects the marrow erythropoietic activity has not yet been explored. Recent studies have shown that the serum transferrin receptor (s-TfR) level is a sensitive, quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency. This test measures the amount of soluble transferrin receptors within the blood, to help detect and evaluate iron deficiency and aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia. 2. This protein is 760 amino acids long, with a mass of 84.9 kDa, and is a member of the Peptidase M28 family, M28B subfamily. The cells were then used for combined transferrin and EGF uptake assays. Transferrin binds tightly to the receptor and is drawn into the cell in a small vesicle. In some aspects, the present invention provides chimeric transferrin receptor (TfR) polynucleotides and polypeptides. Iron deficiency also increases soluble transferrin … In healthy people, about one-third of the binding sites on transferrin are used to transport iron. GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions. Transferrin is a protein that carries iron trough the bloodstream. The iron-bound TF molecules can bind the dimeric transferrin receptor (TfR). Diseases associated with RXRA include Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma.Among its related pathways are Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF).Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include DNA-binding … Serum transferrin (Tf) plays a crucial role as iron transporter to safely supply cells through its interaction with the transferrin receptor (TfR) (1–4). To convert into SI units x 0.01 = g/L Total Iron binding capacity (TIBC) Transferrin is responsible for 50% to 70% of the iron binding capacity of serum. High levels of expression of TfR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) occur in the liver, as well as in HepG2 (a hepatoma cell line) and K562 (an erythroid leukemia cell line). It is a homo-dimer consisting of two prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP-1, alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Gareau et al. Transferrin is thus useful in assessing iron balance. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a truncated form of the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR) 7 that is released into the circulation. This is reported to be a membrane and secreted protein. The process of offloading iron-bound transferrin begins with transferrin binding to its cell surface transferrin receptor. It is usually not affected by chronic disease states, sTFR levels are about 6% higher in people in high altitudes (above 5200 ft/1600 m) and in African-Americans. The serum level of ferritin is a clinical marker of the body’s iron level. The developing red cells regulate their iron uptake by increasing the number of transferrin receptors on their surface, and the number of sTfR in serum increases in parallel. The serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a sensitive indicator of iron-deficiency erythropoiesis that is not affected by inflammation. be included. Hence, a high serum TR level has been found to be useful in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from anemia of chronic disorders (ACD). De Block CEM, Van Capenhout CM, De Leeuw IH, et al: Soluble transferrin receptor level: a new marker of iron deficiency anemia, a common manifestation of gastric autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Its main utility is in differentiating iron deficiency from anaemia of chronic disease, which can be difficult to distinguish based on standard iron studies. Levels of serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) are used in conjunction with transferrin to specify any abnormality. Recent identification and characterization of the hemochromatosis protein HFE, the iron importer Nramp2, the iron exporter ferroportin1, and the second transferrin-binding and -transport protein transferrin receptor 2, have demonstrated their important roles in … Another measurement, called transferrin saturation, checks how many places on your transferrin that can hold iron are actually doing so. Expression of TFR1 is regulated locally by the iron demands of the cell, via binding of iron regulatory proteins. Transferrin receptor (TFR)1 is the receptor not only for transferrin but also for H-ferritin, but how it binds two different ligands and the blood cell types that preferentially incorporate H … The soluble (or serum) transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a circulating truncated form of the membrane receptor protein; it is an 85 kDa glycoprotein forming in serum a 320 kDa complex with diferric transferrin. Transferrin has two iron-binding sites and is largely, but not exclusively, synthesized by the liver. In health, the serum transferrin level is 2.0–3.0g/l and 1mg of transferrin binds 1.4μg of iron. The soluble (or serum) transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a circulating truncated form of the membrane receptor protein; it is an 85 kDa glycoprotein forming in serum a 320 kDa complex with diferric transferrin. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. Normal values are 250 to 450 mcg/dL. Transferrin is a protein that may decrease during any inflammatory process and is referred to as a negative acute phase reactant. Then, the receptor and empty transferrin are recycled back to the outside of the cell. AML with high expression level of CD71 was prone to be linked with severe anemia (P=0.004), thrombocytopenia (P<0.001) and complex karyotype (P=0.024) and had increasing expression level of CD117 (P=0.001). Low levels of transferrin saturation ratio generally indicate iron deficiency, while high levels;-traditionally > 50% indicate an excess of iron, which can be detrimental to health. However, the diagnosis of iron deficiency is not always easy in such patients. Buckett1., Jonghan Kim1, Flora Luo1, Jack Sanford1, Juxing Chen2, Caroline Enns2, Marianne Wessling-Resnick1* 1Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2Department of … Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes (PubMed:26214738). Ferritin is an iron-storage protein composed of different ratios of 24 light (L) and heavy (H) subunits. 1 or stored as ferritin. Normal values are 15% to 50%. Iron deficiency and overload are often evaluated with complementary laboratory tests. Neverthe- Low iron concentrations promote increased levels of transferrin receptor, to increase iron intake into the cell. The primary route of iron acquisition in vertebrates is the transferrin receptor (TfR) mediated endocytotic pathway, which provides cellular entry to the metal transporter serum transferrin (Tf). 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